rfc950

Network Working Group J. Mogul (Stanford)
Request for Comments: 950 J. Postel (ISI)

August 1985

Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure

Status Of This Memo
This RFC specifies a protocol for the ARPA-Internet community. If

subnetting is implemented it is strongly recommended that these
procedures be followed. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Overview This memo discusses the utility of "subnets" of Internet networks,

which are logically visible sub-sections of a single Internet
network. For administrative or technical reasons, many organizations have chosen to divide one Internet network into several subnets, instead of acquiring a set of Internet network numbers. This memo specifies procedures for the use of subnets. These procedures are for hosts (e.g., workstations). The procedures used in and between subnet gateways are not fully described. Important motivation and

background information for a subnetting standard is provided in
RFC-940 [7].

Acknowledgment
This memo is based on RFC-917 [1]. Many people contributed to the development of the concepts described here. J. Noel Chiappa, Chris Kent, and Tim Mann, in particular, provided important suggestions.

Additional contributions in shaping this memo were made by Zaw-Sing
Su, Mike Karels, and the Gateway Algorithms and Data Structures Task Force (GADS). Mogul & Postel [Page 1]

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Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure

1. Motivation
   The original view of the Internet universe was a two-level hierarchy: the top level the Internet as a whole, and the level below it individual networks, each with its own network number. The Internet does not have a hierarchical topology, rather the interpretation of addresses is hierarchical. In this two-level model, each host sees its network as a single entity; that is, the network may be treated as a "black box" to which a set of hosts is connected. While this view has proved simple and powerful, a number of organizations have found it inadequate, and have added a third level to the interpretation of Internet addresses. In this view, a given Internet network is divided into a collection of subnets.

The three-level model is useful in networks belonging to moderately
large organizations (e.g., Universities or companies with more than one building), where it is often necessary to use more than one LAN cable to cover a "local area". Each LAN may then be treated as a subnet.

There are several reasons why an organization might use more than one
cable to cover a campus:

• Different technologies: Especially in a research environment,
  there may be more than one kind of LAN in use; e.g., an organization may have some equipment that supports Ethernet, and some that supports a ring network.
• Limits of technologies: Most LAN technologies impose limits,
  based on electrical parameters, on the number of hosts connected, and on the total length of the cable. It is easy to exceed these limits, especially those on cable length.
• Network congestion: It is possible for a small subset of the
  hosts on a LAN to monopolize most of the bandwidth. A common

solution to this problem is to divide the hosts into cliques of
high mutual communication, and put these cliques on separate cables.

• Point-to-Point links: Sometimes a "local area", such as a
  university campus, is split into two locations too far apart to connect using the preferred LAN technology. In this case, high-speed point-to-point links might connect several LANs.

An organization that has been forced to use more than one LAN has
three choices for assigning Internet addresses: Mogul & Postel [Page 2]

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Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure

1. Acquire a distinct Internet network number for each cable;
   subnets are not used at all.

2. Use a single network number for the entire organization, but

assign host numbers without regard to which LAN a host is on
("transparent subnets").

3. Use a single network number, and partition the host address
   space by assigning subnet numbers to the LANs ("explicit subnets"). Each of these approaches has disadvantages. The first, although not requiring any new or modified protocols, results in an explosion in the size of Internet routing tables. Information about the internal details of local connectivity is propagated everywhere, although it is of little or no use outside the local organization. Especially as

some current gateway implementations do not have much space for
routing tables, it would be good to avoid this problem.

The second approach requires some convention or protocol that makes
the collection of LANs appear to be a single Internet network. For example, this can be done on LANs where each Internet address is

translated to a hardware address using an Address Resolution Protocol
(ARP), by having the bridges between the LANs intercept ARP requests for non-local targets, see RFC-925 [2]. However, it is not possible to do this for all LAN technologies, especially those where ARP protocols are not currently used, or if the LAN does not support broadcasts. A more fundamental problem is that bridges must discover which LAN a host is on, perhaps by using a broadcast algorithm. As the number of LANs grows, the cost of broadcasting grows as well; also, the size of translation caches required in the bridges grows with the total number of hosts in the network. The third approach is to explicitly support subnets. This does have a disadvantage, in that it is a modification of the Internet Protocol, and thus requires changes to IP implementations already in use (if these implementations are to be used on a subnetted network). However, these changes are relatively minor, and once made, yield a simple and efficient solution to the problem. Also, the approach

avoids any changes that would be incompatible with existing hosts on
non-subnetted networks. Further, when appropriate design choices are made, it is possible for

hosts which believe they are on a non-subnetted network to be used on
a subnetted one, as explained in RFC-917 [1]. This is useful when it

is not possible to modify some of the hosts to support subnets
explicitly, or when a gradual transition is preferred. Mogul & Postel [Page 3]

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Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure

2. Standards for Subnet Addressing

This section first describes a proposal for interpretation of
Internet addresses to support subnets. Next it discusses changes to host software to support subnets. Finally, it presents a procedures

for discovering what address interpretation is in use on a given
network (i.e., what address mask is in use).

2.1. Interpretation of Internet Addresses

Suppose that an organization has been assigned an Internet network
number, has further divided that network into a set of subnets, and wants to assign host addresses: how should this be done?

Since there are minimal restrictions on the assignment of the
"local address" part of the Internet address, several approaches have been proposed for representing the subnet number:

1. Variable-width field: Any number of the bits of the local
   address part are used for the subnet number; the size of this field, although constant for a given network, varies from network to network. If the field width is zero, then subnets are not in use.

2. Fixed-width field: A specific number of bits (e.g., eight)
   is used for the subnet number, if subnets are in use.

3. Self-encoding variable-width field: Just as the width
   (i.e., class) of the network number field is encoded by its high-order bits, the width of the subnet field is similarly encoded.

4. Self-encoding fixed-width field: A specific number of bits
   is used for the subnet number.

5. Masked bits: Use a bit mask ("address mask") to identify

which bits of the local address field indicate the subnet
number. What criteria can be used to choose one of these five schemes? First, should we use a self-encoding scheme? And, should it be

possible to tell from examining an Internet address if it refers
to a subnetted network, without reference to any other information?

An interesting feature of self-encoding is that it allows the
Mogul & Postel [Page 4]

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Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure

address space of a network to be divided into subnets of
different sizes, typically one subnet of half the address space and a set of small subnets. For example, consider a class C network that uses a

self-encoding scheme with one bit to indicate if it is the

large subnet or not and an additional three bits to identify
the small subnet. If the first bit is zero then this is the large subnet, if the first bit is one then the following bits (3 in this example) give the subnet number. There is one subnet with 128 host addresses, and eight subnets with 16 hosts each.

To establish a subnetting standard the parameters and

interpretation of the self-encoding scheme must be fixed and
consistent throughout the Internet. It could be assumed that all networks are subnetted. This

would allow addresses to be interpreted without reference to
any other information. This is a significant advantage, that given the Internet

address no additional information is needed for an

implementation to determine if two addresses are on the same
subnet. However, this can also be viewed as a disadvantage:

it may cause problems for networks which have existing host
numbers that use arbitrary bits in the local address part. In other words, it is useful to be able to control whether a

network is subnetted independently from the assignment of
host addresses.

The alternative is to have the fact that a network is subnetted
kept separate from the address. If one finds, somehow, that

the network is subnetted then the standard self-encoded
subnetted network address rules are followed, otherwise the non-subnetted network addressing rules are followed. If a self-encoding scheme is not used, there is no reason to use a fixed-width field scheme: since there must in any case be some per-network "flag" to indicate if subnets are in use, the

additional cost of using an integer (a subnet field width or
address mask) instead of a boolean is negligible. The advantage

of using the address mask scheme is that it allows each

organization to choose the best way to allocate relatively scarce
bits of local address to subnet and host numbers. Therefore, we choose the address-mask scheme: it is the most flexible scheme, yet costs no more to implement than any other. Mogul & Postel [Page 5]

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Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure
For example, the Internet address might be interpreted as: where the field is as defined by IP [3], the field is at least 1-bit wide, and the width of the field is constant for a given network. No further structure is required for the or fields. If the width of the field is zero, then the network is not subnetted (i.e., the interpretation of [3] is used). For example, on a Class B network with a 6-bit wide subnet field, an address would be broken down like this: 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|1 0| NETWORK | SUBNET | Host Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Since the bits that identify the subnet are specified by a
bitmask, they need not be adjacent in the address. However, we

recommend that the subnet bits be contiguous and located as the
most significant bits of the local address. Special Addresses: From the Assigned Numbers memo [9]: "In certain contexts, it is useful to have fixed addresses

with functional significance rather than as identifiers of
specific hosts. When such usage is called for, the address zero is to be interpreted as meaning "this", as in "this network". The address of all ones are to be interpreted as meaning "all", as in "all hosts". For example, the address 128.9.255.255 could be interpreted as meaning all hosts on the network 128.9. Or, the address 0.0.0.37 could be interpreted as meaning host 37 on this network."

It is useful to preserve and extend the interpretation of these
special addresses in subnetted networks. This means the values

of all zeros and all ones in the subnet field should not be
assigned to actual (physical) subnets. In the example above, the 6-bit wide subnet field may have any value except 0 and 63. Mogul & Postel [Page 6]

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Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure

Please note that there is no effect or new restriction on the
addresses of hosts on non-subnetted networks.

2.2. Changes to Host Software to Support Subnets
In most implementations of IP, there is code in the module that

handles outgoing datagrams to decide if a datagram can be sent

directly to the destination on the local network or if it must be
sent to a gateway. Generally the code is something like this: IF ip_net_number(dg.ip_dest) = ip_net_number(my_ip_addr) THEN send_dg_locally(dg, dg.ip_dest) ELSE send_dg_locally(dg, gateway_to(ip_net_number(dg.ip_dest))) (If the code supports multiply-connected networks, it will be more complicated, but this is irrelevant to the current discussion.) To support subnets, it is necessary to store one more 32-bit quantity, called my_ip_mask. This is a bit-mask with bits set in the fields corresponding to the IP network number, and additional bits set corresponding to the subnet number field. The code then becomes: IF bitwise_and(dg.ip_dest, my_ip_mask) = bitwise_and(my_ip_addr, my_ip_mask) THEN send_dg_locally(dg, dg.ip_dest) ELSE send_dg_locally(dg, gateway_to(bitwise_and(dg.ip_dest, my_ip_mask))) Of course, part of the expression in the conditional can be pre-computed. It may or may not be necessary to modify the "gateway_to" function, so that it too takes the subnet field bits into account when performing comparisons. To support multiply-connected hosts, the code can be changed to Mogul & Postel [Page 7]

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Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure
keep the "my_ip_addr" and "my_ip_mask" quantities on a per-interface basis; the expression in the conditional must then be evaluated for each interface.

2.3. Finding the Address Mask

How can a host determine what address mask is in use on a subnet
to which it is connected? The problem is analogous to several other "bootstrapping" problems for Internet hosts: how a host determines its own address, and how it locates a gateway on its local network. In all three cases, there are two basic solutions: "hardwired" information, and broadcast-based protocols.

Hardwired information is that available to a host in isolation
from a network. It may be compiled-in, or (preferably) stored in a disk file. However, for the increasingly common case of a diskless workstation that is bootloaded over a LAN, neither hardwired solution is satisfactory. Instead, since most LAN technology supports broadcasting, a better

method is for the newly-booted host to broadcast a request for the
necessary information. For example, for the purpose of determining its Internet address, a host may use the "Reverse Address Resolution Protocol" (RARP) [4]. However, since a newly-booted host usually needs to gather several facts (e.g., its IP address, the hardware address of a gateway, the IP address of a domain name server, the subnet address mask),

it would be better to acquire all this information in one request
if possible, rather than doing numerous broadcasts on the network.

The mechanisms designed to boot diskless workstations can also

load per-host specific configuration files that contain the
required information (e.g., see RFC-951 [8]). It is possible, and desirable, to obtain all the facts necessary to operate a host from a boot server using only one broadcast message.

In the case where it is necessary for a host to find the address
mask as a separate operation the following mechanism is provided: To provide the address mask information the ICMP protocol [5] is extended by adding a new pair of ICMP message types, "Address Mask Request" and "Address Mask Reply", analogous to the "Information Request" and "Information Reply" ICMP messages. These are described in detail in Appendix I. The intended use of these new ICMP messages is that a host, when booting, broadcast an "Address Mask Request" message. A Mogul & Postel [Page 8]

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Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure

gateway (or a host acting in lieu of a gateway) that receives
this message responds with an "Address Mask Reply". If there is no indication in the request which host sent it (i.e., the IP Source Address is zero), the reply is broadcast as well. The requesting host will hear the response, and from it determine the address mask.

Since there is only one possible value that can be sent in an
"Address Mask Reply" on any given LAN, there is no need for the

requesting host to match the responses it hears against the
request it sent; similarly, there is no problem if more than one gateway responds. We assume that hosts reboot infrequently, so the broadcast load on a network from use of this protocol should be small. If a host is connected to more than one LAN, it might have to find the address mask for each.

One potential problem is what a host should do if it can not find
out the address mask, even after a reasonable number of tries. Three interpretations can be placed on the situation:

1. The local net exists in (permanent) isolation from all other
   nets.

2. Subnets are not in use, and no host can supply the address
   mask.

3. All gateways on the local net are (temporarily) down.

The first and second situations imply that the address mask is
identical with the Internet network number mask. In the third situation, there is no way to determine what the proper value is;

the safest choice is thus a mask identical with the Internet
network number mask. Although this might later turn out to be wrong, it will not prevent transmissions that would otherwise succeed. It is possible for a host to recover from a wrong choice: when a gateway comes up, it should broadcast an "Address Mask Reply"; when a host receives such a message that disagrees with its guess, it should change its mask to conform to the received value. No host or gateway should send an "Address Mask Reply" based on a "guessed" value. Finally, note that no host is required to use this ICMP protocol to discover the address mask; it is perfectly reasonable for a

host with non-volatile storage to use stored information
(including a configuration file from a boot server). Mogul & Postel [Page 9]

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Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure

Appendix I. Address Mask ICMP

Address Mask Request or Address Mask Reply
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Code | Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Identifier | Sequence Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Address Mask |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
IP Fields:

Addresses

The address of the source in an address mask request message
will be the destination of the address mask reply message. To form an address mask reply message, the source address of the request becomes the destination address of the reply, the source address of the reply is set to the replier’s address, the type code changed to AM2, the address mask value inserted into the Address Mask field, and the checksum recomputed. However, if the source address in the request message is zero, then the destination address for the reply message should denote a broadcast. ICMP Fields: Type

AM1 for address mask request message

AM2 for address mask reply message
Code 0 for address mask request message 0 for address mask reply message Checksum The checksum is the 16-bit one’s complement of the one’s Mogul & Postel [Page 10]

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Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure

complement sum of the ICMP message starting with the ICMP
Type. For computing the checksum, the checksum field should be zero. This checksum may be replaced in the future.

Identifier
An identifier to aid in matching requests and replies, may be zero.

Sequence Number
A sequence number to aid in matching requests and replies, may be zero.

Address Mask
A 32-bit mask.

Description

A gateway receiving an address mask request should return it

with the address mask field set to the 32-bit mask of the bits
identifying the subnet and network, for the subnet on which the request was received. If the requesting host does not know its own IP address, it may leave the source field zero; the reply should then be broadcast. However, this approach should be avoided if at all possible, since it increases the superfluous broadcast load on the network. Even when the replies are broadcast, since there is only one possible address mask for a subnet, there is no need to match requests with replies. The "Identifier" and "Sequence Number" fields can be ignored. Type AM1 may be received from a gateway or a host. Type AM2 may be received from a gateway, or a host acting in lieu of a gateway. Mogul & Postel [Page 11]

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Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure

Appendix II. Examples

These examples show how a host can find out the address mask using
the ICMP Address Mask Request and Address Mask Reply messages. For the following examples, assume that address 255.255.255.255 denotes "broadcast to this physical medium" [6].

1. A Class A Network Case
   For this case, assume that the requesting host is on class A network 36.0.0.0, has address 36.40.0.123, that there is a gateway at 36.40.0.62, and that a 8-bit wide subnet field is in use, that is, the address mask is 255.255.0.0. The most efficient method, and the one we recommend, is for a host to first discover its own address (perhaps using "RARP" [4]), and then to send the ICMP request to 255.255.255.255: Source address: 36.40.0.123 Destination address: 255.255.255.255 Protocol: ICMP = 1 Type: Address Mask Request = AM1 Code: 0 Mask: 0 The gateway can then respond directly to the requesting host. Source address: 36.40.0.62 Destination address: 36.40.0.123 Protocol: ICMP = 1 Type: Address Mask Reply = AM2 Code: 0 Mask: 255.255.0.0 Suppose that 36.40.0.123 is a diskless workstation, and does not know even its own host number. It could send the following datagram: Source address: 0.0.0.0 Destination address: 255.255.255.255 Protocol: ICMP = 1 Type: Address Mask Request = AM1 Code: 0 Mask: 0 36.40.0.62 will hear the datagram, and should respond with this datagram: Mogul & Postel [Page 12]

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Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure
Source address: 36.40.0.62 Destination address: 255.255.255.255 Protocol: ICMP = 1 Type: Address Mask Reply = AM2 Code: 0 Mask: 255.255.0.0

Note that the gateway uses the narrowest possible broadcast to
reply. Even so, the over use of broadcasts presents an unnecessary load to all hosts on the subnet, and so the use of the "anonymous" (0.0.0.0) source address must be kept to a minimum. If broadcasting is not allowed, we assume that hosts have wired-in information about neighbor gateways; thus, 36.40.0.123 might send this datagram: Source address: 36.40.0.123 Destination address: 36.40.0.62 Protocol: ICMP = 1 Type: Address Mask Request = AM1 Code: 0 Mask: 0 36.40.0.62 should respond exactly as in the previous case. Source address: 36.40.0.62 Destination address: 36.40.0.123 Protocol: ICMP = 1 Type: Address Mask Reply = AM2 Code: 0 Mask: 255.255.0.0

2. A Class B Network Case
   For this case, assume that the requesting host is on class B network 128.99.0.0, has address 128.99.4.123, that there is a gateway at 128.99.4.62, and that a 6-bit wide subnet field is in use, that is, the address mask is 255.255.252.0. The host sends the ICMP request to 255.255.255.255: Source address: 128.99.4.123 Destination address: 255.255.255.255 Protocol: ICMP = 1 Type: Address Mask Request = AM1 Code: 0 Mask: 0 Mogul & Postel [Page 13]

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Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure
The gateway can then respond directly to the requesting host. Source address: 128.99.4.62 Destination address: 128.99.4.123 Protocol: ICMP = 1 Type: Address Mask Reply = AM2 Code: 0 Mask: 255.255.252.0 In the diskless workstation case the host sends: Source address: 0.0.0.0 Destination address: 255.255.255.255 Protocol: ICMP = 1 Type: Address Mask Request = AM1 Code: 0 Mask: 0 128.99.4.62 will hear the datagram, and should respond with this datagram: Source address: 128.99.4.62 Destination address: 255.255.255.255 Protocol: ICMP = 1 Type: Address Mask Reply = AM2 Code: 0 Mask: 255.255.252.0 If broadcasting is not allowed 128.99.4.123 sends: Source address: 128.99.4.123 Destination address: 128.99.4.62 Protocol: ICMP = 1 Type: Address Mask Request = AM1 Code: 0 Mask: 0 128.99.4.62 should respond exactly as in the previous case. Source address: 128.99.4.62 Destination address: 128.99.4.123 Protocol: ICMP = 1 Type: Address Mask Reply = AM2 Code: 0 Mask: 255.255.252.0 Mogul & Postel [Page 14]

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Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure

3. A Class C Network Case (illustrating non-contiguous subnet bits)
   For this case, assume that the requesting host is on class C network 192.1.127.0, has address 192.1.127.19, that there is a gateway at 192.1.127.50, and that on network an 3-bit subnet field is in use (01011000), that is, the address mask is 255.255.255.88. The host sends the ICMP request to 255.255.255.255: Source address: 192.1.127.19 Destination address: 255.255.255.255 Protocol: ICMP = 1 Type: Address Mask Request = AM1 Code: 0 Mask: 0 The gateway can then respond directly to the requesting host. Source address: 192.1.127.50 Destination address: 192.1.127.19 Protocol: ICMP = 1 Type: Address Mask Reply = AM2 Code: 0 Mask: 255.255.255.88. In the diskless workstation case the host sends: Source address: 0.0.0.0 Destination address: 255.255.255.255 Protocol: ICMP = 1 Type: Address Mask Request = AM1 Code: 0 Mask: 0 192.1.127.50 will hear the datagram, and should respond with this datagram: Source address: 192.1.127.50 Destination address: 255.255.255.255 Protocol: ICMP = 1 Type: Address Mask Reply = AM2 Code: 0 Mask: 255.255.255.88. If broadcasting is not allowed 192.1.127.19 sends: Mogul & Postel [Page 15]

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Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure
Source address: 192.1.127.19 Destination address: 192.1.127.50 Protocol: ICMP = 1 Type: Address Mask Request = AM1 Code: 0 Mask: 0 192.1.127.50 should respond exactly as in the previous case. Source address: 192.1.127.50 Destination address: 192.1.127.19 Protocol: ICMP = 1 Type: Address Mask Reply = AM2 Code: 0 Mask: 255.255.255.88

Appendix III. Glossary
Bridge

A node connected to two or more administratively indistinguishable
but physically distinct subnets, that automatically forwards datagrams when necessary, but whose existence is not known to other hosts. Also called a "software repeater". Gateway

A node connected to two or more administratively distinct networks
and/or subnets, to which hosts send datagrams to be forwarded.

Host Field

The bit field in an Internet address used for denoting a specific
host. Internet The collection of connected networks using the IP protocol.

Local Address
The rest field of the Internet address (as defined in [3]). Network

A single Internet network (which may or may not be divided into
subnets). Mogul & Postel [Page 16]

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Network Number
The network field of the Internet address. Subnet

One or more physical networks forming a subset of an Internet
network. A subnet is explicitly identified in the Internet address.

Subnet Field
The bit field in an Internet address denoting the subnet number.

The bits making up this field are not necessarily contiguous in
the address.

Subnet Number
A number identifying a subnet within a network.

Appendix IV. Assigned Numbers

The following assignments are made for protocol parameters used in
the support of subnets. The only assignments needed are for the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) [5].

ICMP Message Types
AM1 = 17 AM2 = 18 Mogul & Postel [Page 17]

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References
[1] Mogul, J., "Internet Subnets", RFC-917, Stanford University,
October 1984.
[2] Postel, J., "Multi-LAN Address Resolution", RFC-925,
USC/Information Sciences Institute, October 1984.
[3] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", RFC-791, USC/Information
Sciences Institute, September 1981.
[4] Finlayson, R., T. Mann, J. Mogul, M. Theimer, "A Reverse Address
Resolution Protocol", RFC-903, Stanford University, June 1984.
[5] Postel, J., "Internet Control Message Protocol", RFC-792,
USC/Information Sciences Institute, September 1981.
[6] Mogul, J., "Broadcasting Internet Datagrams", RFC-919, Stanford
University, October 1984.
[7] GADS, "Towards an Internet Standard Scheme for Subnetting",
RFC-940, Network Information Center, SRI International, April 1985.
[8] Croft, B., and J. Gilmore, "BOOTP -- UDP Bootstrap Protocol",
RFC-951, Stanford University, August 1985.
[9] Reynolds, J., and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", RFC-943,
USC/Information Sciences Institute, April 1985. Mogul & Postel [Page 18]